(i). Locating the pre-historic sites.

(ii). Excavating /digging the sites.

(iii). Dating the fossils and artifacts.

(iv). Recording the findings. 2 x 1 = 2 marks

Drought and unreliable rainfall in homeland.

(ii). Diseases and epidemics which affected their livestock and people. 1 x 1 = 1 mark

(i). Shungwaya

(i). Presided over religious functions.

(ii). Organized social functions like intiation.

(iii). Declared war/ negotiated peace.

(iv). Advised warriors.

(v). Solved serious criminal cases like murder.

(vi). Acted as a final court of appeal 2 x 1 = 2 marks

(i). He subdued sofala.

(ii). Kilwa wars burnt and looted and finally defeated.

(iii). His expedition also overpowered and defeated Mombasa.

(i). He was the first European to see Mt. Kenya. 1 x 1 = 1 mark

(i). Imperial British East Africa Company. IBEACO) 1 x 1 =(1 mark)

(i). She encouraged the Agiriama to face the British.

(ii). She administered oaths.

(iii). She presented the Agiriama grievances to the British.

(iv). She rallied the people together against a common enemy.

(v). She became a rule model to women in the struggle for independence.

(i). Provincial Commissioner.

. (i). To teach Africans basic literacy and numeric skills.

(ii). To teach Africans better farming methods.

(iii). To train African catechists.

(iv). To teach Africans basic technical skills.

(v). Civilize/teach better methods of hygiene.

(i). The policies led to the loss of African land therefore they could not effectively carry out farming.

(ii). Africans were restricted to reserves which were overcrowded and infertile therefore African farming was poor.

(iii). Africans could not own land but could only rent which made them depend on a white settlers as squatters.

(iv). Africans had small pieces of land which made them unable to plant cash crops.

(v). Land polices restricted the movement of pastoral communities in search of good pastures.

(i). Peter Mbiu Koinange 1 x 1 = 1 mark

(i). Demanded for better housing, education and hygiene for Africans.

(ii). Abolition of forced labour.

(iiii) Demarcation of African reserves.

(iv). Granting Africans title deeds.

(v). Opposed a native authority amendment of 1928.

(i). Constitutional requirement that when a president dies in office the vice president takes over following the death president Jomo Kenyatta.

(i). A person who has been married to a Kenyan for a period of at least seven years.

(ii). A person who has been lawful resident in Kenya for a period of atleast seven years.

(iii). A child who is not a citizen but has been adopted by a Kenyan.

(i). Senator.

(i). Gross violation of the constitution.

(ii). Committing serious crime under national or international law.

(iii). Abuse of office/gross misconduct.

(iv). Physical /mental incapacitation.

a(i). Search for good land for cultivation.

(ii). Search for pasture and water.

(iii). Development of iron smelting-people had better tools to clear large tracts of land.

(iv). Trade encouraged people to migrate to nearby trading centres.

(v). Hunting and gathering, where places that had abundant animals and plants were identified. 3 x 1 =(3 marks)

b(i) Smallest social unit was the nuclear family.

(ii). Members of extended family lived in different areas but came together during ceremonial rites.

(iii). Families were always on the move looking for pastures and water.

(iv). Head of the family was the father referred to as Abba Warra.

(v). Work was done according to gender and age.

(vi). At adolescence both boys and girls were initiated by circumcision.

(vii). They had several age grades from infancy to old age, with each age group lasting 8 years.

(viii). There were special people who were highly respected e.g prophets and medicine men.

(ix). Believed in a superior being known as ‘Wak’ whom people offered individual and family prayers/offered sacrifices to Wak.

(x). Had belief in ancestral spirits.

(xi). Their shelters were temporary.

(xii). Their staple food was meat and milk. 6 x 2 = (12 marks)

. a)i) Zanzibar was green with good climate.

(ii). Zanzibar had deep heorbours for anchoring of dhows.

(iii). Zanzibar had supported him during the war with the mazrui in Mombasa.

(iv). He wanted to effectively control the coastal trade and Zanzibar provided a good position.

(v). Zanzibar had clean fresh water.

(vi). The soils in Zanzibar where fertile and suitable for cultivation of cloves.

(vii). He wanted Zanzibar to be his base so that he could easily establish political influence/control over the East African Coast.

(vii). Being an island Zanzibar was easier to defend. 5 x 1 = (5 marks)

a(i). He wanted the British to help him consolidate his position and that of his kingdom.

(ii). He wanted the British to appoint him as paramount chief of the entire western Kenya region.

(iii). He wanted to get military support from the British against his enemies like the Luo and Bukusu.

(iv). He hoped to get material benefits from the British e.g. western education. (v). He wanted to gain fame and prestige by associating with the British.

(vi). The Wanga community was small and ill equipped to resist the British.

(vii). He realized the futility of resisting the British after seeing Bukusu being defeated. 5 x 1 = 5 marks

b(i). It has reduced dictatorship since no one political party can remain in power for ever.

(ii). people have a wide choice of parties to choose from/there is freedom of association.

(iii). Many political parties have encouraged freedom of speech/opposition parties can point out the wrongs in government.

(iv). Political parties nominate candidates for political office which promotes healthy competition.

(v). Political parties promote political education among citizens by mobilizing them to attend political rallies and urging people to participate in elections. (vi). Political parties debate important issues affecting the people hence acting as a link between the people and the government.

(vii). Opposition parties check the excesses in government hence keeping the government alert accountable and transparent.

(viii). Political parties promote democracy during party elections where people elect their leaders freely and fairly.

(ix). Opposition parties work hard for the repeal of unjust and oppressive laws.

(x). Opposition parties work hard to establish free and independent trade unions and judiciary

a(i). They were against the kipande system.

(ii). Poor working conditions of workers.

(iii). they were against low wages/demanded for higher wages.

(iv). Demanded for release of arrested and detained trade unionists.

(v). Were against forced labour. (vi). Over taxation e.g poll and hut taxes.

(vii). Were against racial discrimination at places of work.

(viii). Advocated for equal pay for equal work. (ix). Restricted the movement of workers.

b(i). They participated in armed struggle fought e.g Marshal Muthoni Nduta Kore.

(ii). Supplied provisions such as food to the fighters.

iii). Organized the supply of guns to the fighters.

(iv). Composed songs to mobilize support for the mau mau movement.

(v). Participated in the administration of oaths.

(vi). Acted as spices giving information to the fighters.

(vii). Some were detained in Kamiti because of playing an active role in the struggle for independence. 5 x 1 = (10 marks)

(i). To preserve the dignity of individuals and communities.

(ii). To promote social justice.

(iii). To realize the potential of all human beings.

(iv). Human rights are an integral part of any democratic state.

(v). They are a frame work for social, economic and cultural policies.

(vi). They belong to everybody and not granted by the state. 5 x 1 = (5 marks)

b(i). Tribalism. (ii). Religious conflicts.

(iii). Nepotism. (iv). Corruption.

(v). Intolerance of divergent views/different political ideologies.

(vi). Discriminatory laws e.g. gender. (vii). Ignorance/lack of knowledge on the importance of unity.

(viii). Povety. (ix). Capitalism/individualism.

(x) Uneven economic development.

(xi). Greed/extreme desire for wealth.

(xiii). Political party membership.

a(i). In order to give citizens the chance to choose leaders whom they have confidence in.

(ii). To enable sitting mps to be responsible to the development needs of the electorate as stipulated in the constitutions.

(iii). In order to give citizens the opportunity to exercise their constitutional rights of participating in the democratic process.

(iv). To infect new blood into parliament and government.

(v) It is stipulated in the constitution. 3 x 1 = (3marks)

b(i). Death of a member of parliament.

(ii). Nullification of election results by court of law.

(iii). imprisonment of an mp for more than 12 months.

(iv). Resignation of a member of parliament.

(v). When an mp resign from the party that nominated him/her to parliament.

(vi). Failure to attend parliament meetings, eight consecutive times.

(vii). If an mp is declared bankrupt by a court of law.

(viii). When an mp is recalled by the constituents that elected him/her. 6 x 2 = 12 marks .

. a(i). It is the basis of the rule of law/the courts will dispense justice without interference.

(ii). Enables the courts to interprete the law without fear or pressure/Fairness in administration of justice.

(iii). It safeguards the judiciary from the abuse of power by the legislature and the executive.

(iv. It helps in the establishment of efficient and effective commercial and financial markets/guarantees it the rights of investors.

(v). It ensures that liberty exists/forms the foundation of representative democracy/judges are not exposed to corruption, since they delinked from the legislature. 3 x 1 = (3marks)

b(i). Rights to be heard/the person has the right to attend the learning and be allowed to present his case.

(ii). The accused should have the opportunity to consider, challenge and contradict any evidence/the parties involved must be allowed to call witnesses. (iii). The accused has the right to legal representation./An accused hears the right to be represented by a legally qualified lawyer.

(iv). The accused should have adequate notice of all allegations against them and procedures i.e time and location of hearing.

(v). The accused is considered innocent until proved guilty by legal court of law.

(vi). The accused should have access to the case proceeding touching on his/her case.

(vii). The accused has the right to demand whether the case should be heard in camera or in public.