Predisposing factors of livestock diseases.

• Age of the animal.
• Sex of the animal.
• Colour of the animal.
• Change in climate /Environment.
• Hereditary/breed of animal /Genetic factors
• Environment
• Overcrowding
• Physiological conditions
• Animal coming in contact with sick animals.
• Immunity level of the production.
• Level of production (½x4=2 mks)

Symptoms of Rinderpest

• Profuse diarrhea and dysentery(blood-stained faeces)
• Eye lachrimation(watery eyes)
• Animal grinding their teeth
• Fever/high temp’
• Nasal and mouth discharges
• Staring hair coat
• The mucous membrane of mouth and nose become red i.e develop wounds/ulcers. (1x2=2 mks) 3

Biological factors influencing water requirement of the animal.

• Animal species
• Breed of animal
• Age of animal
• Physiological status of the animal (½x2mks)

a) Factors to consider to select eggs for incubation

• Should be fertilized
• Should be of medium size(55-60 gm in weight)
• Should have smooth shells
• Should be oval in shape.
• Should be free from any cracks in the shells.
• Be clean to ensure pores are open
• Have be fresh eggs i.e collected within one week
• Have no abnormalities
• Should be have been stored for more than 8-10 days (½x2=2 mks)

b) Activities carried on table-birds after killing

• Plucking of feathers
• Dressing

a) Flushing

• Refers to extra feeding of female with high quality feeds before mating.

b) Reasons for flushing.

• Increase conception rate, due to high ovulation
• Facilitate implantation of the zygote
• In sheep it increases lambing percentage (1x2=2mks)

Reasons for keeping livestock healthy

• Livestock grow faster and reach maturity early.
• Livestock give high quality products.
• Keep the cost of production low by saving the cost of treating diseases.
• Control spread of the spread of diseases to other livestock and human being.
• Animals live longer and more productive lives.
• They produce more of their products
• They breed regularly (½x4=maks)

7a) Bacterial diseases.

• Mastitis
• Foot rot
• Contagious abortion(Brucellosis/Bang’s)diseases
• Scours
• Black quarter
• Anthrax
• Pneumonia (½x4=2 mks)

b) Reasons for proper livestock nutrition

• For energy giving
• For growth and repair of worn out tissues (½x2 mks)

a) Definition of bee-swarming

• Refers to a bee colony or part of it is in flight.

b) Reasons for Bee-swarming

• Shortage of food and water in their surrounding
• Out break of diseases and parasites
• Damage of broadf combs
• Lack of adequate ventilation
• Dampness and bad smell within the environment
• Suck or infertile queen
• Over crowding (½x4=2 mks)

a) Meaning of docking

• Refers to removal of tail or dock (1 mk)

b) Reasons for docking

• Facilitate tupping or mating
• Prevent blow infestation
• To give a good fat distribution throughout the body (½x4=2 mks)

a) Components of milk

• Proteins
• Fats
• Carbohydrates(lactose)
• Minerals
• Water (½x4=2 mks)

b) Factors affecting milk composition

• Age of the animal
• Condition of the animal
• Stage of lactation and pregnancy
• Completeness of milking
• Breed differences
• Season of the year
• Type of feed eaten by the animal
• Presence of diseases (1x2=2 mks)

Observable features of dairy cattle breeds

• Have wedge to triangular shaped bodies
• Have straight topline
• Have well set a part hind quarters
• Have large and well developed udders with large teats that are well spaced
• Have prominent milk veins
• Have lean bodies that carry little flesh(The pinbone is visible)
• Have large stomach.

Differences between dromedary and bacterian

Distinguishing characters between landrace and large white

4 Reasons for using farm tools and equipment.

• Increase efficiency on the farm
• Enhance production
• Enhance safety on the farm (1x2=2 mks)

a) Identification

J-Steel float

K-Manson’s trowel

L-Plumb bob

M-Manson’s square

N-Rake

P-Trocar and Cannular (½x6=3 mks)

b) Concrete ingredients

• Sand
• Aggregates
• Cement (1x2=2 mks)

i) Parts of the udder

W-Secretory alveolus/Aveolus

X-Gland cistern(milk cistern/lactiferous sinks)

Y-Teat cistern(sinus)

Z-Teat canal(nipple/sinus) (½x4 mks)

ii) Milk- let-down

• Refers to flow of milk from the upper region of the udder(alveolar region)to the gland and teat cisterns and then out of the teat.

iii) Hormones that controls milk-let-down

• Oxytocin
• Adrenalin (1x2=2 mks)

iv) Qualities of clean milk

• Free from disease-causing organisms
• Has no hair,dirt,or dust
• Is of high keeping quality
• Has good fat flavour
• Its chemical composition is within the expected standards (½x4=2 mks)

Identification of farm-structure

(i) Fold unit/Ark 1 mk

(ii) Parts A& B

A-wire meshed area(open area)

B-wheels of the fold structure ½x2=2 mks

(iii)The purpose of unroofed area is to allow light into the structure 1 mk

(i) Opportunity cost-Refers to the best altenative forgone 1 mk

(ii) Opportunity when it is zero (2 mks)

(i)When there is no alternative

(ii)Free grifts Factors of production

• Land
• Capital
• Labour
• Management/enterprenuership

Practices to be carried out to improve milk production in low yielding hard of dairy cattle (10 mks)

• Proper selection of highly yielding animals
• Select animals with good health
• All poor milk producers
• Select animals with good dairy conformation characteristics Select animals with high fertility
• Use semen from superior bulls to serve the cows
• Mate or serve heifers at the right age/weight
• Maintain the right calving interval by serving the cows at the right time
• Treat sick animals appropriately
• Control diseases usingappropriate method e.g(Vaccination)
• De worm the herd regularly
• Control external parasites using appropriate methods e.g dipping,spraying,dusting e.t.c
• Practice proper hygiene on the farm
• Feed animals on a balanced ratio
• Ensure animals get adequate food
• Provide minerals/vitamins supplements
• House ther animals properly
• Carry out proper milking techniques
• Give the animals adequate drinking water (1x10=10 mks)

c) Maintenance practices on a fish pond

• Planting grass on the walltops to prevent soil erosion
• Control weeds a round the pond
• Proper fencing to be maintened a round the pond by replacing the damaged wires.
• Clean the pond by removing foreign particles and other organisms.
• Maintain good water level in the pond. (1x5=5 mks)

c) Factors considered when selecting materials for constructing farm structures.

• Cost of the materials
• Availability of the materials
• Skill needed in using the materials
• Capital available
• Durability of the material
• Strength of the material
• Climate of the area
• Use of the structure
• Permanency of the structure (1x5=5 mks)

a) Maintenance of a wheelbarrow

• Lubricate the wheel; axle to reduce friction
• Clean it after the days work
• Use it to carry the right amount of load
• Tighten any loose nuts and bolls
• Repair/replace broken parts e.g handle
• Paint it to avoid rusting (1x5=5 mks)

c) Requires of a good Calf pen

• Should be well ventilated/well aerated
• Drought free
• Well drainaged floor
• Easy to clean /concrete floor
• Adequate floor space
• Well lit
• Provide for single housing
• Leak proof
• Dry and warm (1x5=5 mks)

a)(i) Virus (of the peramyxovirus group) 1x1=1 mk

(ii)Symptoms

• Nasal discharge forcing the birds to shake heads in order to clear them
• Water greenish diarrhoea
• Coughing and sneezing
• Drooping of wings
• Birds walk with staggering motion since the nervous system is affected
• Closing of eyes almost all the time
• Walking in staggering(backward) in circular motion
• Breaks remain wide open and the neck strained
• Twisting of the head and neck
• Gasping for air and producing a harsh rasp sound during breathing
• In acute form sudden death
• Birds often have beaks and wings down
• Eggs laid have soft shells (1x10 mks)

Controls measures

• Vaccinate birds at regular interval/vaccinate birds of 3 days old,3 mks,3 months old and later after 6 months
• Slaughtering infected birds
• Imposition of quarantine
• Avoid over crowding in poultry houses
• Disinfect poultry houses before bringing in new stock
• Ensure proper farm hygiene (1x4=4 mks)

b) Control measures of tape worms

• Rotational grazing
• Proper dispersal of human waste
• Proper meat inspection
• Plough the pasture land to kill all cysts
• Proper cooking of meat
• Deworm animals regularly with appropriate drug (1x5=5 mks)