Explain the following terms

a) Taxonomy (1mrk)

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b) Species (1mrk)

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State three features used in classifying arthropods into classes __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

a) Name the substance that accumulates in muscles when respiration occurs with insufficient oxygen (1mrk) __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________
b) Give the three end products of anaerobic respiration in plants. (3mrks) __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

a) State three characteristics of a wind pollinated flower. (3mrks) __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________
b) Explain why sexual reproduction is important to organisms. (1mrk) __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

State the functions of the following organelles.

a).Lysosomes (1mrk)

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b).Golgi apparatus (1mrk)

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What is the role of vascular bundles in plant nutrition? __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

Haemophilia is a genetic disorder which is transmitted through a recessive gene linked to the X chromosome using H to represent the normal gene and h for haemophilia, work out the genotypic ratio of the offspring of a marriage between a woman who is carrier for haemophilia gene and a normal man.

a) In what form does energy enter the earth’s ecosystem? (1mrk) __________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________

b) What is the main source of energy in an ecosystem (1mrk) __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

c) In what form does energy transferred from one trophic level to another? (1mrk) __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________
d) If only a small fraction of energy is transferred from one trophic level to another, what happens to the rest of the energy? __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

The diagram below represents gaseous exchange in the alveolus.

a).Indentify the gases labeled X and Y (2mrks) __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________
b).Trace the path followed by gas Y from alveolar space until it reaches the red blood cells. (3mrks) __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________
c).Name the part of the brain that controls breathing movement in humans. (1mrk) __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

The table below shows the energy use per day in kilojoules

a).From the table, explain why after age 8 males require more energy than females. (1mrk) __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________
b). Other than sex and age, name three other factors that determine energy requirements in human beings (3mrks) __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

a) Define organic evolution. (1mrk)

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b). Give the role played by variation in the process of evolution. (2mrks) __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

a) What are halophytes? (1mrk)

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b) State three adaptations of halophytes to their habitats. (2mrks) __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

a) Name the causative agent of the following diseases in humans. (2mrks)
-Syphilis_____________________________________________________________________________ -Herpes_____________________________________________________________________________
b). State the functions of the following structures. (2mrks)

-Fallopian tube

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-Amniotic fluid

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An experiment was set up as shown below to compare the amount of carbon (iv) oxide in expired and inspired air.

a). State the purpose of the clip (2mrks)

i). P_________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

ii). Q________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

b). Compare the observations in flask A and B after the experiment. Give reasons for your answer. (2mrks) __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

a). State the purpose of the clip (2mrks)

i). P_________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

ii). Q________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

b). Compare the observations in flask A and B after the experiment. Give reasons for your answer. (2mrks) __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

Explain how water is gained from the soil by root hairs in plants. __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

The diagram below shows the human ear.

a).Name the structures labeled 3, 4 (2mrks) __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________
b).State the function of the parts labeled 5 and 7 (2mrks) __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

Give the survival value of the following tropic responses
a). Geotropism (1mrk)

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b). Haptotropism (1mrk)

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c). Chemotropism (1mrk)

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Distinguish between single and double circulatory systems. __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

Name one disorder caused by a dominant gene. __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

Name the spore producing structures in pteridophytes. __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

a). Define transpiration. (1mrk)

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b). State two environmental factors that decrease the rate of transpiration. (2mrk)

The graph below shows the relationship between environmental temperature and the body temperature in two different animals A and B.

a).State the relationship between the body temperature of animal A and external environmental temperature (1mrk)

b). Give the term used to describe;

i). Animals of type A______________________________________________________________ (1mrk)

ii). Animals of type B_____________________________________________________________ (1mrk)

Nitrogen in the atmosphere cannot be directly utilized by plants. State two ways by which this Nitrogen is made available for plant use
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The diagram below shows chemical reaction I and II which are controlled by enzyme A and B.

Name the reaction I and enzyme B Reaction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Enzyme B………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

State two main functions of a microscope.

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in what form is carbon (IV) oxide transported in blood __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________